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Class 12 (HSC Board)Geography2026-27 Syllabus

Chapter 5 Secondary Economic Activities Solutions

Complete Maharashtra State Board Balbharati & Yuvakbharati textbook solutions for Chapter 5 Secondary Economic Activities. Step-by-step solved exercises, numerical problems, and digest answers.

25 Solved Questions• 5 Diagrams• 2852 words

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 5 Secondary Economic Activities

1. Complete the Chain

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution

A

B

C

(1) Small scale industries

(1) Manual manufacturing

(1) Ceramics

(2) Cottage industries

(2) Skilled crafts person

(2) Tata Iron and Steel company

(3) Consumer goods

(3) Individual

(3) Potters

(4) Private

(4) Ready for direct consumption

(4) Pharmaceutical

Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:

A

B

C

(1) Small scale industries

(1) Ready for direct consumption

(1) Potters

(2) Cottage industries

(2) Manual manufacturing

(2) Ceramics

(3) Consumer goods

(3) Skilled crafts person

(3) Pharmaceutical

(4) Private

(4) Individual

(4) Tata Iron and Steel company

2. Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion, R : Reasoning
Question 1.
A – The humid climate of Mumbai offered great scope for the development of cotton textile industries.
R – Industries require ample amount of water.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 2 Maharashtra Board Solution
A – In India, industries are found concentrated in few areas are available. R – India is predominantly agrarian country. (a) Only A is correct. (b) Only R is correct. (c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A. (d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

3. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution
Distribution of industries is uneven.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
Question 2 Maharashtra Board Solution
Iron and steel industries are found in mineral rich area of Dhanbad.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
Question 3 Maharashtra Board Solution
Fruit-processing industries are found in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Konkan region.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
Question 4 Maharashtra Board Solution
What are the major factors which have hindered the growth of industries in South America?
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:

4. Write short notes on.

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution
Footloose industries.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
Question 2 Maharashtra Board Solution
Public sector industries.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
Question 3 Maharashtra Board Solution
Economics of scale.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
1. Economics of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain because of various facilities established due to basic industries in certain region.

2. Sometimes due to advantage of many favourable factors for industrial development in certain areas, there is concentration of industries in that area, which is called agglomeration of industries.

3. In these regions industries develop not due to any locational factors but due to economies of scale enjoyed because agglomeration of industries.

4. Due to the development of basic industries other ancillary industries which are complementary to each other also develop. For example, once cotton textile industry develops in any region, readymaide garment making industries, industries supplying dyes and chemicals, industries producing materials like thread, buttons, laces, etc., also develop.

5. Due to such agglomeration, the industries in that region get more profit compared to their investment due to economies of scale such as cheap transport, labour, financial facilities etc. For example, transport companies give concession, hence, the cost of transportation decreases.

6. Since industries in this region are complementary, it is easier to collect or supply goods from other industries of nearby areas. For example, dye making industries supply dyes to cotton textile industry and cotton textile industry supplies cloth to ready-made garment industries.

Question 4 Maharashtra Board Solution
Role of transportation in industries.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:

5. Differentiate between.

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution
Weight-losing and Weight-gaining Industries.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:

Weight-loosing

Weight-gaining

(i) Weight-losing industries are those industries in which raw material are relatively bulky but finished products are relatively light.

(i) Weight-gaining industries are those industries in which raw materials are relatively lighter than finished products.

(ii) Weight-losing industries are located near raw materials.

(ii) Weight-gaining industries are located near markets.

(iii) For example, sugar industries locate near sugarcane producing areas. 10 tons of sugarcane is required to produce 1 ton of sugar.

(iii) For example, cotton textile industries locate near the market because finished product cotton cloth is heavier than the raw material cotton.

Question 2 Maharashtra Board Solution
Primary and Secondary Activities.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:

Primary Activities

Secondary Activities

(i) Primary activities include activities, such as hunting, fishing, mining, agriculture.

(i) Secondary activities include manufacturing and constructions.

(ii) These activities are concerned with obtaining materials directly from nature. For example, fish from water or wood from trees.

(ii) These activities add value to the already existing products by changing their form, making them more suitable to satisfy our needs and wants.

(iii) Primary activities produce raw materials.

(iii) Secondary activities produce finished products.

(iv) Production of goods in primary activities depends upon natural factors.

(iv) Production of goods in secondary activities depends on technology, skill of labours and capital.

Question 3 Maharashtra Board Solution
Basic Industries and Consumer Industries.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:

Basic Industries

Consumer Industries

(i) The finished products of these industries are used by other industries.

(i) The finished products of these are used as raw material which are directly consumed by consumers.

(ii) For example, iron and steel industry provides steel as raw material to machine tool making or agricultural implements making industry.

(ii) For example, the medicines made in pharmaceutical industries are directly consumed by consumers.

(iii) These industries supply their products to others. Hence, they are called linkage products.

(iii) These industries supply their products to consumers. Hence, they are called as consumer goods industries.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution
Explain the physical factors affecting location of industries.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
Climate, raw material, water, power, labour, land and transport are important physical factors deciding the location of industry.

Extreme climate like too hot, too cold, dry and very humid climate are not suitable for industries. Generally, industries develop in areas of moderate climate.

Availability of raw material is essential for the development of industries. Industries using perishable, heavy, bulky and weight-losing raw materials are located in the areas of source of raw materials. For example, sugar mills near sugarcane growing areas.

Most of the industries require lot of water for processing, like cooling, washing etc. Such industries are located near lakes, rivers or other water bodies. For example, many industries are located around Great Lakes in USA.

Labour is another important factor deciding location of industries. Availability of skilled, semi-skilled and cheap labour is very important to work in industries. Hence, we generally find labour colonies are located where skilled and cheap labour is available.

Transport facilities are essential for transport of raw materials and finished products. Low cost transport is the key factor in the development of industries. Industries develop in the areas, where transportation network is well developed. For example, many industries are developed along Trans-Siberian railway line in Russia.

Industrial development need huge land for the construction of industrial units. Industries develop where cheap, plain and extensive land is available.

Industries need power supply, main sources of power supply are coal, oil, electricity and now a days wind energy, solar energy etc. Industries locate near coal mines, or availability of electricity. For example, industries concentrated around coal mining area of Ruhr region of Germany or industries concentrated near Khopoli hydro power station.

Question 2 Maharashtra Board Solution
Explain the factors affecting location of sugar industries.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
The following are the factors affecting the location of sugar industries.
Question 3 Maharashtra Board Solution
Explain the economic and political factors affecting location of industries.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
The following are the economic factors affecting the location of industries. 1. Neatness to market : Transport cost is one of the important costs included in production cost of goods. If industries locate near the market there is saving on transport cost and goods reach to the consumers as early as possible. Some industries whose finished products are perishable or bulky or heavy, locate near the market. For example, ice cream making, furniture making or air craft making industries.

2. Availability of capital : Capital is required for land, construction, equipment, labour, transport etc. Therefore, industries are located in areas where banking and financial facilities are available. Generally, these facilities are available in big cities, therefore in India many industries are located in big cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru, Ahmedabad, Kolkata etc.

The following are the political factors affecting the location of industries.
Government policies : The government policy of encouragement or discouragement directly affects location of industry.

7. Show the following on a map of the world with suitable index

(1) Ruhr industrial region
(2) An industrial region in Japan
(3) An industrial region in South Africa
(4) An industrial region in Australia
(5) Industrial region near Great Lakes
Answer:

Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Secondary Economic Activities Intext Questions and Answers

Observe the pictures given in the textbook figure. Identify the activities with which these figures are associated and complete the table.

Answer:

Try These

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution
Look at the map of Solapur district. It shows the location of some sugar industries. Shamrao is a farmer at location A. He has just harvested his sugarcane crop. Study the map and tell where should he send his crop? What factors will Shamrao consider for this? (Textbook Page No. 43)
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
(i) Shamrao has two options, he can sell his sugarcane to Pimpalner Sugar Factory or Virag Sugar Factory, since both the factories almost at equal distance from A. (ii) The most important factor of consideration is the distance and perishability of sugarcane as a raw material. (iii) Third factor he should take into consideration is from A, the road condition. The factory to which he should send sugarcane must be in good condition; so that sugarcane can be transported to industry as early as possible.
Question 2 Maharashtra Board Solution
Firoz’s son has done an advanced course in Bakery Management from the nearby city. He wants his son to start a bakery in their village but his son says it should be in the city, which is around 20 kms from their village. Who is correct? Firoz or his son? Why? (Textbook Page No. 44)
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
The decision of Firoz’s son is correct. He should start a bakery in the city. First thing is that bakery products are perishable and secondly there is loss of weight of raw materials in the production of bakery products.
Question 3 Maharashtra Board Solution
Shantaram is a young boy from a tribal area in Maharashtra. He wants to start a honey processing unit as he has access to good honeycombs in the forest. The city is around 35 kms away. He has his own land in the village and is also getting land in the cit3\ Where should he establish the honey factory? In the village or in the city? Why? (Textbook Page No. 44)
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
(i) Shantaram should start his honey factory in the city. Raw material in his factory will be honeycombs. (ii) From honeycombs he will get two finished products – honey and wax. The weight of honeycombs after extracting honey and wax will be the same and therefore ideal location is city.

Can you tell?

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution
Find example of market-oriented industries. (Textbook Page No. 45)
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
(i) All textile industries are market-oriented industries Cotton Textile, Silk Textile, Woollen Textile. (ii) All assembly industries are market-oriented industries Automobile, Air-craft, shipbuilding industries.

Use your brain power!

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution
Following is a list of few industries. Think about the factors of location of these industries and tell whether they are footloose industries or not. Complete the table accordingly. (Textbook Page No. 47) (i) Cotton textile industries (ii) Cement industries (iii) Diamond industries (iv) Mobile manufacturing units (v) Paper industry (vi) Sugar industry (vii) Food processing industry (viii) IT (Hardware) industry (ix) Oil refinery (x) Hairpins industry
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:

Question 2 Maharashtra Board Solution
(i) Refer to the lumbering map of the world in fig. 4.1 and 5.1, tell which industries will be located in the northernmost island of Japan? (ii) How have the Great Lakes been instrumented in development of industrial regions in the USA? (iii) How has the Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to the development of industries in Russia? (Textbook Page No. 51)
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
(i) Paper and pulp industry. (ii) The Great Lakes have been instrumented in the development of industrial regions in the USA through concentration of minerals and coal producing areas, local market, capital and technological development.

(iii) The Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to the development of industries in Russia is

Make friends with maps!

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution
Study the given map in fig 5.3 and answer the following questions. (Textbook Pages 47 & 48) (i) In which hemisphere do you find more concentration of industries? (ii) In which part of North America has the industrial region been mainly developed? (iii) In which part of Europe is concentration of industries mainly found? (iv) Why is less industrial development found in other parts of African continent except coastal areas? (v) In which part of India do you find concentration of industries? (vi) Why do you think coastal areas have higher concentration industries? (vii) Write a concluding paragraph on latitudinal distribution of industries in the world.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
(i) Northern Hemisphere. (ii) North eastern Region. (iii) North western, South and Central part (iv) Dense forest, deserts, mountains, grasslands in other parts of African continent are responsible for less development of industries. (v) Portal cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and other areas like Delhi, Bangalore, Chota Nagpur etc.

(vi) Coastal areas have better ports and inland water transport facilities. Even road and rail transport are well developed.

(vii) Major industrial regions are concentrated in Northern Hemisphere in the latitudinal belt of 30° North to 50° North latitudes. However, there is an exception of Siberian industrial region in Russia.

Give it a try

Question 1 Maharashtra Board Solution
Look at the given logo. Find out more information about it and write a short note on it. (Textbook Page No. 53)
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
Digital India. (i) Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India in order to ensure the government’s services are made available to citizens electronically by improved online infrastructure and by increasing internet connectivity or making the country digitally empowered in the field of technology. (ii) The initiative includes plans to connect rural India with high speed internet networks. (iii) Digital India consists of secure and stable digital infrastructure, delivering government services digitally and universal digital literacy.

Make in India:
On 25 September 2014, the Government of India launched a movement ‘Make in India’, like Swadeshi movement, for 25 sectors of Indian Economy. The main purpose to start this movement was to provide encouragement to businessmen in India to set up companies to manufacture their products in India and to investment more for the same.

In line with make in India, individual states too launched their own local initiative, such as ‘Magnetic Maharashtra’, ‘Make in Odisha’, Vibrant Gujarat, etc.

Startup India
(i) Startup India is an initiative of the government of India was first announce by Indian Prime minister, Narendra Modi during his 15 August 2015 address from the Red Fort in New Delhi.

(ii) The action plan of this initiative is focussing on three areas:

(iii) An additional area relating to this initiative is to discard restrictive state Government Policies within this domain, such an ‘License Raj’, Land permissions, Foreign Investment Proposals, and Environmental clearance. It was organised by Department for promotion of industry and internal trade.

Question 2 Maharashtra Board Solution
Find at least 2 examples of each of the types of industries from India.
Solution & Step-by-Step Answer:
(i) Industries in Digital India are: DigiLocker- DigiLocker is an online service provided by the government wherein any Aadhar card holder can access a cloud with their authentic documents/certificates. For example, driving license, vehicle registration, academic mark sheet etc.

MyGov-
MyGov is an initiative started by the Indian government to engage citizens in governance. The portal can be accessed via a website or a dedicated mobile app.

(ii) Industries in Startup India are:
Zomato:
Zomato is an Indian restaurant aggregator and food delivery startup that was launched in 2008. It is one of the most successful food tech startups.

Paytm:
It is an Indian e-commerce payment system based in Noida. It was founded in August 2010.

Ola Cabs:
It is founded in 2010 and giving tough competition to Uber.

(iii) Industries in Make in India:
Make in India focuses on the following industries viz. Automobiles, Aviation, Biotechnology, Chemicals, Defence manufacturing, etc.

Previous Chapter
Chapter 4 Primary Economic Activities
Next Chapter
Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Activities